1. It is found experimentally that the terminal velocity ut of a spherical particle in a fluid depends upon the diameter d of particle, the dynamic viscosity μ of fluid and the buoyancy weight W of the particle [given by the difference in density between the particle and the fluid (Δρ) x gravitational acceleration (g)]. Determine the nature of the relationship between these variables.
2. (a) Water (density 1000 kg m-3) is maintained at a gauge pressure of 4 MPa in a horizontal pipe of diameter 100 mm. It is passed through a nozzle of diameter 15 mm which discharges a horizontal jet into the atmosphere. If the frictional losses reduce the theoretical discharge velocity by 6% in this process, calculate the actual velocity of the jet and its flow rate in kg s-1.
(b) This jet strikes an upward curved vane moving at 15 m s-1 in a horizontal direction away from the jet, which deflects the water through an angle of 120º. The impact is shockless. Calculate:
(i) the magnitude and direction of the velocity of the fluid leaving the vane
(ii) the thrust on the vane in a horizontal direction
(iii) the thrust on the vane in a vertical direction
(iv) the power generated by the impact in the horizontal direction.
3. (a) Distinguish, with the aid of simple sketches where appropriate, between the construction, operation and applications of the Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine.
(b) In a Francis turbine, the supply head (H) is 20 m of water (density 1000 kg m-3). The discharge rate to atmosphere is 600 kg s-1. The external radius of the runner (R1) is 0.43 m and the internal radius (R2) is 0.20 m. The runner blades are radial at inlet and they rotate at 300 revs min-1. The blades occupy 5% of the circumferential area and are shaped to ensure that the radial velocity (u1R) is kept constant and equal to 0. √(2gH)
If the shaft power is 80% of the water power, determine the:
(i) guide vane angle
(ii) blade exit angle
(iii) water power
(iv) diagram power
(v) shaft power
(vi) height of runner blade at inlet and outlet.
4. A process requires the precise control of the flow of a fluid to a reactor operating at 100 bar pressure (1 bar = 100 kPa). The flowrate may need to change to match the required reactor output. The flow should be relatively non-pulsating.
(i) Suggest a suitable pump for this duty. Give reasons for your choice.
(ii) Describe, with the aid of a suitable diagram, the construction and operation of your chosen pump.
5. It is proposed to pump 1500 m3 of a liquid (density 1100 kg m-3) each day through a total head of 10 m (including all losses) by using either a centrifugal pump or a reciprocating pump.
The centrifugal pump discharges 2.0 m3 min-1 when driven by an electric motor supplying a power of 5 kW.
The reciprocating pump has a discharge rate of 1.75 m3 min-1 when driven by an electric motor supplying 3.5 kW.
(a) Calculate the efficiency of each pump.
(b) If electricity costs 8p per kWh, select the most economical pump and determine the cost saving over 300 days of operation.
(c) State two other factors which should be considered before a final choice of pump is made.