1) Explain the significance of the Nernst equation. What does it imply when we say that "an ion satisfies the Nernst equation"?

2) Chambers A and B are separated by a membrane. Chamber A contains 1M KNO3 and chamber B contains 0.1M KNO3. If K+ is in equilibrium across the membrane, what is the electrical potential difference, EA - EB? Which side is electrically positive?

3) What is the role of the Na+, K+ -ATPase in generating a single action portential?

4) Describe the salutatory conduction.
What happens in the internodal regions?
What happens in the nodes of Ranvier?
Why does the internodal membrane fail to fire an action potential?

5) List the general sequence of events that occur in neuromuscular transmission at the neuromuscular junction?

6) Describe the stimulation and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by heterometric G proteins

7) Describe the best known pathway for activation of protein kinase C.

8) Briefly present the properties and classification of voltage-regulated channels.

9) What are genetic defects identified already regarding Na+ channels?

10) Briefly explain how Ca++ channels can contribute to action potentials in some cells and also function in electrical and chemical coupling mechanisms.

11) Briefly describe the family of K+ channels.

12) What role play graded potentials in the process of the propagation of electrical signals in nervous system?

13) Briefly describe the mechanisms of synaptic transmission.

14) What are the key elements the make force generation by cross-bridge cycling possible?

15) List in sequence the events involved in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation, and underscore all the membranes involved.

16) How is the force generated by a skeletal muscle varied?

17) What evidence supports a sliding filament-cross-bridge mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle?

18) What factors determine relaxation in smooth muscle?

19) What determines the rate of contraction in smooth muscles?