1. A kidney stone lodges in an ureter, blocking the flow of urine out of the kidney. What effect will this have on glomerular filtration rate? be as specific as possible.

2. A possible consequence of staphylococcal infection is glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis affects the filtration membrane by causing the basement membrane underlying the glomerular endothelium to lose its negative charge. The negative charge on the basement membrane is what prevents plasma proteins from entering the filtrate. Thus, with this condition, protein can enter the urine production (proteinuria). What effect will this have on glomerulus filtration rate? Why? Again, as specific as possible.

3. An adenoma (a type of tumor) in the adrenal cortex that affects aldosterone-secreting cells can cause the condition hyperaldosteronism. What do you predict the clinical manifestations of this disease to be? Explain.

4. An insufficiency of ADH can cause an individual to develop diabetes insipidus. What do you predict the clinical manifestations of this disease to be? Why?