1. What are major causes of respiratory alkalosis?
2. How common is respiratory acidosis? What are major causes of this?
3. What are major causes of metabolic alkalosis?
4. How common is metabolic alkalosis in patients with chronic lung disease? What are major causes of this?
5. A previously healthy individual is diagnosed with gastrointestinal disease. He has nausea and vomiting for 2 days. His plasma pH = 7.48 mm Hg, HCO3- 32 mEq/L and pCO2 = 44mmHg. What type of acid-base disorder he has? What is its origin?
6. Unconscious patient is delivered to emergency room.
His blood gases are obtained:
pH = 7.09, HCO3- = 15 mEq/L, pCO2 = 50mmHg.
What type of acid-base disorder this patient has? Why is he unconscious?
7. What effect would be expected from the administration of a drug that inhibits carbonic anhydrase to have on urine HCO3- excretion, and by what mechanism? What type of acid-base disorder could result from the use of this drug?
8. Briefly describe the significance of anion gap?
9. Present the most common conditions that are related to elevated anion gap?
10. Differentiate between metabolic acidosis due to excessive production of hydrogen and metabolic acidosis due to excessive loss of bicarbonate. Give some examples related to clinical conditions.
11. Present the most common causes of ketoacidosis.
12. Identify the possible pathophysiological mechanism of the development of cerebral edema in children during therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis.
13. A 65 year-old woman has a cardiac arrest. Her blood gases and electrolytes are obtained.
pH = 7.3 mmHg, pCO2 = 30mmHg, HCO3- = 15mEq/L
Na+ = 140mEq/L, K+ = 4.1mEq/L, Cl- = 100mEq/L.
What acid-base disorder does she have?
Calculate the anion gap. What information does it give regarding the acid-base disorder in this woman?
What is the most likely cause of the acid-base disorder?
14. What are major threats of metabolic acidosis complicated by alcoholic ketoacidosis?
15. What acid-base abnormality can accompany salicylate (such as aspirin) intoxication?