1. How do body reflexes like coughing and sneezing help prevent or fight infection?

2. What role do cilia play in maintaining a healthy respiratory system?

3. Compare normal microflora of the upper respiratory tract with normal microflora of the lower respiratory tract.

1. Catarrhal stage with fever, sneezing, vomiting, and mild cough; paroxysmal stage with ropy mucus and violent cough; convalescent stage with mild cough
Whooping cough
Classic pneumonia
Legionnaires' disease
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Respirator syncytial virus infection
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Acute respiratory disease
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis

2. Inflammation of bronchi or alveoli of lungs with fluid accumulation and fever
Whooping cough
Classic pneumonia
Legionnaires' disease
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Acute respiratory disease
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis

3. Tubercles in lungs and sometimes in other tissues; organisms can persist in walled-off lesions and be reactivated
Whooping cough
Classic pneumonia
Legionnaires' disease
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Acute respiratory disease
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis

4. Febrile disease of the respiratory tract; can cause viral pneumonia
Whooping cough
Classic pneumonia
Legionnaires' disease
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Acute respiratory disease
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis

5. Allergic asthmatic response to inhalation of spores or invasive infection of lung; fungal balls can cause asphyxiation
Whooping cough
Classic pneumonia
Legionnaires' disease
Tuberculosis
Influenza
Respiratory syncytial virus infection
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Acute respiratory disease
Histoplasmosis
Cryptococcosis
Aspergillosis
Section: Multiple Choice

6. Which of the following is NOT a nonspecific defense mechanism associated with the respiratory tract?
Epiglottis
Mucus
Mucociliary escalator
Phagocytes
None of the above

7. To cause disease, Corynebacterium diptheriae must ________
produce a hemolysin.
create a pseudomembrance.
be infected with a lysogenic, toxin-producing bacteriophage.
invade the bloodstream.
become club-shaped.

8. The majority of patients with sore throats have a viral infection of the pharynx.
True
False

9. Which of the following respiratory infections CANNOT be treated with antimicrobial drugs?
Atypical pneumonia
Q Fever
Otitis media
Common cold
Tuberculosis

10. Development of a vaccine against rhinoviruses is difficult because ________
they are resistant to antibiotics.
they are resistant to low pH.
there are many different, antigenically diverse strains.
rhinoviruses are resistant to immune system defenses.
rhinoviruses replicate at a very high rate.

11. Which of the following is true of croup?
Croup causes severe obstruction of the larynx.
Croup causes an inflamed and enlarged epiglottis.
Croup is a parainfluenza virus.
Croup is a childhood disease.
All of the above

12. Violent coughing is usually observed during which stage of whooping cough?
Primary stage
Pneumotic stage
Paroxysmal stage
Catarrhal stage
Convalescence stage

13. Cyanosis is caused when ________
there is too little oxygen in the blood.
a patient has become septicemic.
dehydration occurs.
diptheria toxin enters the bloodstream.
coughing causes hemorrhaging.

14. Penicillins have no effect on Mycoplasma pneumoniae because ________
mycoplasmas are viruses.
mycoplasmas possess beta lactamases.
mycoplasmas are too small.
mycoplasmas are eukaryotes.
mycoplasmas lack cell walls.

15. Legionella pneumophila is usually transmitted by ________
direct contact.
fomites.
food.
blood.
aerosols.

16. How many cases of tuberculosis are reported globally each year?
10
10,000
100,000
3 million
10 million

17. Mycobacteria are difficult to Gram stain, and are termed "acid-fast" due to their ________
ability to survive in acidic conditions.
resistance to drying.
thick, waxy cell walls.
resistance to sunlight.
lack of a peptidoglycan layer.

18. What is the DPT immunization for?
Diptheria, parainfluenza, tetanus
Dermatomycoses, Pontiac fever, tuberculosis
Diptheria, pertussis, tetanus
Dermatomycoses, pertussis, tetanus
Diptheria, pneumonia, tetanus

19. Antigenic shifts in influenza viruses are represented by dramatic changes in the viral antigens. It is likely they arise from rare events in which ________
two different influenza viruses infect a cell at the same time.
lysogenic conversion of two separate viruses occurs.
two viruses conjugate.
mutations accumulate.
All of the above

20. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is ________
associated with inhalation of dried feces and urine of carrier rodents.
a syndrome that has only been reported in Africa and Latin America.
transmitted by the bite of a rodent carrying the virus.
attributed to rats but not mice.
preventable by vaccination.
Section: Matching

21. Infects the pharynx and produces a systemic toxin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans

22. Causes the majority of cases of lobar pneumonia
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans

23. Causes primary atypical pneumonia
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans

24. Fungus present in chicken-impacted soil and bat guano
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans

25. Yeast that causes a mild respiratory infection that can spread to meninges
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Histoplasma capsulatum
Cryptococcus neoformans