problem 1:

a) Distinguish between soil horizon and soil profile. prepare their relationship to the pedon?

b) How are the metamorphic rocks developed? Describe with the help of an illustration.

c) How does soil aeration influence plants? Describe the change in soil color due to a change in oxidation state of metals present in soil.

d) Compute the percentage pore space in soil with bulk density 0.99 Mg/m³ and a particle density of 1.9 Mg/m³.

problem 2:

a) What do you meant by nutrient availability in the soil? How is it associated to the soil fertility evaluation? Describe the variation in availability of nitrogen and phosphorous in a given pH range.

b) In what manner is the high heat capacity of water useful for the living world?

c) Illustrate the ways in which water is wasted in domestic supply system in cities of developing countries.

problem 3:

a) Describe how by adjusting plant nutrients water efficiency can be enhanced for agriculture.

b) In a water sample the concentration of dissolved oxygen is found to be 1.53 10^-3 M.
Express the dissolved oxygen content in ppm unit in the sample. The molar mass of O₂ is 32 g mol^-1

c) What is the chemical reason for the foul smell around a water system that has undergone rigorous biodegradation? Give the relevant chemical equations for their formation.

d) What could happen if Ca Mg and Cu would be present in surplus in drinking water?

problem 4:

a) describe various regions of atmosphere on the basis of distribution of temperature. What do you mean by the term lapse rate?

b) What are primary and secondary meteorological parameters? List all of them. What do you understand by the term temperature inversion?

problem 5:

a) What are the anthropogenic pollutants? What is the basic difference between primary and secondary pollutants? Give illustrations of each.

b) What are the parameters for classification of quality of air?

c) Discuss the technique of aeration for the treatment of dairy waste. What are the problems related with it?