(This portion are the choices for 1-5 of the osmolarity comparison)

A. No change 

B. increased

C. Decreased

D. Change dependant on presence of ADH and/or Aldosterone

Osmolarity Comparison

1. End of PCT (A)

2. End of Descending limb of Loop of Henle (B)

3. End of Ascending limb of Loop of Henle (B)

4. DCT (C)

5. Collecting Duct (D)

What is filtrate? What does it contain? Filtrate is the waste product created from the kidneys which eventually becomes urine. It contains metabolic waste, toxic molecules, and excess ions.

What is not contained in the filtrate and why? Large molecules like proteins and blood cells are not contained in filtrate, because they are too large to pass through.

What determines the rate of filtration across the glomerulus?

Why is the osmolarity of the filtrate the same at the beginning and end of the PCT?

In the PCT the filtrate osmolarity decreases and becomes more what? (concentrated or diluted) More concentrated, because water is filtered out while it is in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Is the filtrate in the ascending loop or Henle more or less diluted than in the PCT? More diluted (Im looking at an image on bing that shows the osmolarity starting at 300 at the pct, increasing as it travels down henle loop, so does the higher the osmolarity the more diluted the fluid?)

What does ADH determine in regards to the filtrate osmolarity? What are the effects of high ADH hormone?

What does aldosterone in the collecting ducts increase?  Aldosterone in the collecting ducts increases sodium and water reabsorption.

If student B's urine showed positive glucose, is this normal? Explain what could be the cause of the excess glucose? No, glucose in the urine is not normal. (What causes excess glucose?) They could possibly be diabetic?