What effect would each of the following have on the calculated molar mass of an unknown.

a) The balance was not zeroed before the three weighings of the test tube, sample, water were made. This caused each mass measurement to be 0.102 g greater than it should have been.

b) The thermometer consistently read 0.06 C lower than it should have, over the entire experimental range

c) The masses of the unknown and the solvent (water) were determinded, and the unknown completely dissolved in the water. Just before the jacketed test tube containing the unknown solution was placed in the ice-salt water bath, a small amount of the solution was spilled out of the tube.

d) The unknown contained a smal amount of an insoluble impurity

e) The unknown contained a small amount of a soluble impurity, which had a molar mass lower than that of the pure unknown.

f) A portion of the unknown did not dissolve.