Linguistics

problem 1. Suppose a child born into a Tamazhaq-speaking community has acquired the following expectations in producing and understanding utterances in Tamazhaq. (Remember that Tamazhaq is the language of the Tuareg, who we saw together with their camels in the first week.) WHICH ONE of the expectations would a Tuareg child be innately aware of before being exposed to the language and culture?

A.
The expectation that camels will referred to by different words depending on color (atlar 'mahogany colored camel', em?ngh?l 'grey camel'), age (al?gg?s 'two-year old', ?qq?nafud 'three-year old'), etc.

B.
The expectation that pieces of camel gear will be identified by different, individual words such as t?rik 'camel saddle', elaki 'pack saddle for a camel', teffart 'a cord used to hobble a camel's legs', etc. rather than a general term such a "camel stuff" or descriptive phrases such as "leather stretched on a frame" instead of t?rik.

C.
The expectation that in a sentence with a subject and a verb, the subject will follow the verb, for ex, issoka Musa anammazal Illihat 'Musa sent a message to Illihat'.

D.
The expectation that pharyngealized consonants (consonants pronounced with a constriction of the throat) are distinct from non-pharyngealized ones, e.g. iZan 'he divided it' (with pharyngealized "z") vs. izan 'flies' (with plain "z").

E.
The expectation that feminine forms of nouns will be different from masculine forms, for ex, tal?mt 'female camel' vs. al?m 'male camel'.

problem 2
Early Middle English Vowel Shortening (EMEVS)
The Great English Vowel Shift (GEVS)

Here are five words showing change in pronunciation between Old English (1) and Modern English (2). Which word, as pronounced in Modern English, shows the effects of BOTH EMEVS and GEVS?

A.
(1)fiften
(2)fifteen
B.
(1)halig [h?¯lig]
(2)holy
C.
(1)late
(2)late
D.
(1)metan
(2)meet
E.
(1)mette
(2)met