The concepts of accuracy and precision are not always easy to grasp. Here are two sets of studies:

(a) The mass of a secondary weight standard is determined by weighing it on a very precise balance under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. The average of 18 different weight measurements is taken as the weight of the standard.

(b) A group of 10,000 males between the ages of 50 and 55 is surveyed to ascertain relationship between calorie intake and blood cholesterol level. The survey questionnaire is quite detailed, asking the respondents about what they eat, smoke, drink, and so on. The results are reported as showing that for men of comparable lifestyles, there is a 40% chance of the blood cholesterol level being above 230 mg/dL for those who consume more than 40 calories per gram of body weight per day, as compared with those who consume fewer than 30 calories per
gram of body weight per day. Discuss and compare these two studies in terms of the precision and accuracy of the result in each case. How do the two studies differ in ways that affect the accuracy and precision of the results? What makes for high precision and accuracy in any given study? In each of these studies, what factors might not be controlled that could affect the accuracy and precision? What steps can be taken generally to attain higher precision and accuracy?