Short Answer Questions

In four or five sentences, briefly answer the following questions. Ten marks each.

1. How did Gifford Pinchot's concept of conservation differ from John Muir's concept of preservation? John Muir is in Nash Roderick`s "Hetch Hetchy".

2. From Chapter 9 (Death of the Organic City) of Steinberg's book, outline the social, cultural, and environmental factors motivated or prompted the conservation movement.

3. Based upon the Peter Gillis's and Thomas Roach's article in what ways did U.S. conservationists influence the conservation movement in Canada?

4. From the article by Ted Binnema and Melanie Niemi and the Nathaniel Langford the superintendent of Yellowstone National Park, outline the differing views on "squatters" and aboriginals.

5. Analyze the links between "wilderness" as an idea and the exclusion of Aboriginal and rural Euro-Americans from parks in the nineteenth century in William Cronon's essay.

6. According to Karl Jacoby how did the conservation movement redefine previously accepted consumptive uses of nature?

7. From Steinberg's Chapter 9 (Death of the Organic City) and Martin Melois's ,what were some of the major forces that led to the "Death of the Organic City"? Are there elements of the "organic city" still evident in your own urban environment?

8. From Clay McShane and Joel Tarr's article, explain how the use of horses influence the shape of urban areas. How did humans and horses coexist in cities?

Long Answer Questions

Answer the following questions. 250-350 words per question. Twenty-five marks each.

1. In what ways did Pinchot's concept of conservation contradict and/or complement earlier approaches to human interactions with non-human nature through the management of natural resources?

2. The creation of national parks redefined landscapes according to a particular ideal of "wilderness." Reflecting on your own definition of "squatter," how did the creation of national parks redefine the activities of humans who used these landscapes? What did "wilderness" include and exclude?

3. How does the story of Earth Abides represent nature in the city? How does this representation reflect or contradict the place of urban nature in your own community? Based on what you read in the documents, in what ways has the place of nature changed in cities over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?