Q1. What impact did expansion have on European economies?

Q2. What were the main problems of the church that contributed to the Protestant Reformation? Why was the church unable to suppress dissent as it had earlier?

Q3. How did the theologies of Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin differ? Were their differences only religious, or did they have political consequences for the Reformation as well?

Q4. Why did the Reformation begin in Germany and not in France, Italy, England, or Spain?

Q5. What was the Catholic Reformation? Did the Council of Trent alter the character of traditional Catholicism?

Q6. Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? Was the "new" religion he established really Protestant?

Q7. Were the wars of religion really over religion? Explain.

Q8. Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange have been called politiques. What does that term mean, and how might it apply to each?

Q9. Why was England more successful than other lands in resolving its internal political and religious divisions peacefully during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Q10. Consider some of the leading intellectuals of this period: Cervantes, Shakespeare, Pascal, Spinoza, Hobbes, and Locke. Whose ideas do you find most challenging, and why? Which one would you most like to meet?