Q1. Draw the Lewis structures for CO₂ and CO, and predict the number of σ and π bonds for each molecule.

(a) CO₂

(b) CO

Q2. What is the hybridization of the central atom in each of the following?

(a) BeH₂

(b) SF₆

(c) PO4^3-

(d) PCl₅

Q3. Two important industrial chemicals, ethene, C₂H₄, and propene, C₃H₆, are produced by the steam (or thermal) cracking process:

2C₃H₈(g) ? C₂H₄(g) + C₃H₆(g) + CH₄(g) + H₂(g)

For each of the four carbon compounds, do the following:

(a) Draw a Lewis structure.

(b) Predict the geometry about the carbon atom.

(c) Determine the hybridization of each type of carbon atom.

Q4. For the carbonate ion, CO₃^2-, draw all of the resonance structures. Identify which orbitals overlap to create each bond.

Q5. For each of the following structures, determine the hybridization requested and whether the electrons will be delocalized:

(a) Hybridization of each carbon

(b) Hybridization of sulfur

(c) All atoms

Q6. Calculate the bond order for an ion with this configuration:

(σ_2s)²(σ*_2s)²(σ_2px)²(π_2py,π_2pz)⁴(π*_2py,π*_2pz)³

Q7. Predict the valence electron molecular orbital configurations for the following, and state whether they will be stable or unstable ions.

(a) Na₂²⁺

(b) Mg₂²⁺

(c) Al₂²⁺

(d) Si₂²⁺

(e) P₂²⁺

(f) S₂²⁺

(g) F₂²⁺

(h) Ar₂²⁺

Q8. For the first ionization energy for an N₂ molecule, what molecular orbital is the electron removed from?