Problem- According to the chemiosmotic theory, the synthesis of 1 mole ATP is coupled to the movement of 4 moles of H+ ions from the low-pH side of the membrane to the high-pH side.

1) Derive an expression for ?G associated with the movement of 4 H+ from a region of higher concentration outside the membrane to one of lower concentration inside.

2) Calculate the change in pH across the membrane that is required at 25C to synthesize one mole of ATP from ADP and Pi under standard state conditions. ?rG'=31.4kJ for the synthesis of 1 mole of ATP (mitochondrial ??=-0.15V)

Detailed description required with equations explained. Thanks