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Implication of Global warming on Coral reef

Introduction:

Coral reef is one of the most beneficial ecosystems on the planet, providing valuable service to fisheries, tourism, shoreline protection and medicine (Knowlton et al, 2010). Over 100 countries have coastline with coral reef (Veron J et al, 2017) and more than 500 million people around the world have developed a sense of dependency on goods and services provided by coral reef (Burke et al, 2011) that's why unfortunately, modern humans and coral reef make poor companions (Knowlton et al, 2001). Largely, the destruction of coral reef would not only bring the loss of value of the goods and services, the demise of coral means the loss of huge biodiversity on earth (Veron J et al, 2017). From the past several decades, there has been a drastic decrease in the territories of coral reef (Osborn K et al, 2016). Increasing human population, coastal developments, natural phenomena's, changes in terrestrial ecosystem and technology incentives has hampers the colonies of corals (Osborn K et al, 2016). The main problem comes from the global warming and the increase in CO2 level. The warming of planet not just disturbs the ocean temperature but also brings with it more cyclone and El-Nino events, creating more obstacles for the corals to sustain (Veron J et al, 2009). Although, global warming brings several adverse effects with it, what we are interested in this review paper is the importance of coral reef and how different outcomes of global warming are threatening coral environment in the tropical regions.

Importance of Coral reef:

Coral reef are often describe as the rainforest of the ocean (Knowlton et al, 2001). Their complex three-dimension landscape promotes easy adaptation to environment for species and a good sight to human eyes. The importance of coral reef doesn't lie in itself, but rather in the million of species that live in association with coral reef (Knowlton et al, 2001). For example, Sessile marine organism, depends on water to bring them gametes and fertilizes its egg with the help of corals (Knowlton et al, 2001). Low gametes density caused by low population of coral lead to the reproductive failure (Knowlton et al, 2001).

One of the fascinating features of coral reef is the nutritional symbiosis between coral animal and the single celled organism known as zooxanthelea (Knowlton et al, 2001). Coral reef cater excretion product to the algal guest while in return algal guest provides photosynthetic product to the coral host (Knowlton et al, 2001). Also, coral reef is dependent on zooxanthelea for the high rates of calcium carbonates that they receive (Knowlton et al, 2001). With the destruction of coral reef, we would expect the marine organism to perish inevitably with time.