Notes: Although there is a minimum word count of 2,000 words for each exam, you will find that it is likely going to require far more words to fully answer the questions. You must list all of your sources in a Literature Cited section at the end of the exam. Do not include in- text citations. You may not copy or quote from any source. All information must be re-written in your own words. Exams must be submitted by the due date.There are no extensions for the Final Examination. The Final Examination must be submitted by the deadline.

Answer all four questions in sequence and number your answers.Do not include the questions on your exams.

Question 1. Blood Circulation Patterns
Describe the functional changes in blood circulation patterns of chordates from the most primitive to the most advanced. Include in your answer:
1. the pattern of circulation and function of blood in the Lancelet,Branchiostoma lanceolatum
2. the general blood circulation pattern of fishes and the special case of fishes with lungs or swim bladders
3. the transition in blood circulation pattern from tadpole to adult frog during metamorphosis
4. the blood circulatory adaptations of reptiles, birds and mammals

Question 2. Sensory Systems of Fishes
Describe the structure and function of chemical, electrical and pressure sensory systems of fishes. Include in your answer:
a. a description of the methods by which sharks detect their prey,
b. a description the structures and functions of lateral lines in fishes in general
c. a description of the specialized functions of lateral lines in weakly electric fish. Include in your description, the structure and
function of neuromasts and electrogenic organs and the role that they play in fishes of murky waters.

Question 3. Amniote Egg
Describe amniote eggs and the transition from animals that lay eggs to placental mammals. Include in your answer:
a. the functions of the amniote egg membranes
b. the production of bird eggs in the female reproductive tract and the structure and function of their calcified shells,
c. the adaptations that supported the transition from pre-mammal synapsid egg-layers to modern, placental mammals that nurse their
young

Question 4. Bird Flight: Mechanics, Weight, Balance and Power
Describe flight mechanics and adaptations for flight in birds. Include in your answer:

a. the modern explanation of flight mechanics as described in the text,
b. descriptions of adaptations for flight that reduce weight,
c. descriptions of adaptations that contribute to body balance,
d. descriptions of mechanisms that increase power (physiological and structural properties, such as food selection, respiratory refinements, heart rate, mechanical leverage, etc.).

Literature Cited
Following the essay Style Guide, list all sources used in writing your essay answers to the questions. Do not use in-text citations and do not use footnotes. Simply list your sources in this "Literature Cited" section.

You must have a Literature Cited section with at least five references which you have used in preparing your answers: the course website lectures, the eText and three additional sources. If you do not include a Literature Cited section, you will lose 10 points (2 points for each missing source). Be sure to include the Literature Cited section immediately following your answers with your submission to Turnitin; you may not be able to re-submit if you forget.