In his call for a truly "American" effort in literature in "The American Scholar," Emerson starts with indicating that our reliance on the past is part of what is crippling our progression forward: "Our day of dependence, our long apprenticeship to the learning of other lands, draws to a close. The millions that around us are rushing into life, cannot always be fed on the sere remains of foreign harvests" (2008, p. 520). The period in American Literature that we cover in Seminars Three and Four was a time when Emerson and others continued to question the idea of the "American." Emerson's essay largely focuses on the influence of the past upon the writer/scholar, and in the conclusion he notes that, "The scholar is that man who must take up into himself all the ability of the time, all the contributions of the past, all the hopes of the future. . . . We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds" (Emerson, 2008, p. 520). That theme is picked up again in his "Self-Reliance" in which he declares, "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist" (Emerson, 2008, p. 535).

In your second essay for this course, consider the influence of the past in the works we read from Norton's Anthology of American Literature, Shorter Seventh Edition in Seminars Three and Four. In what ways do the authors and works we've read in those seminars challenge the codes and mores of the past? What "new territory" are these writers seeking to carve out? In many ways, this paper is a continuation of the issues regarding identity and what "American" means that you addressed in Essay 1.

You are encouraged to develop a focused thesis that grapples with this question of American identity and the concern with self-reliance in terms of literature/literary creation by choosing one of the following as the basis of your essay. Regardless of your choice, keep Emerson's declaration about nonconformity in mind as you write:

1. Ruebens' PAL site indicates that "Rip Van Winkle" plays on the idea of the American Dream and offers various versions of it. Write an essay in which you explore what Irving's story says about that dream, and specifically what it says about American identity. What "overturning" of tradition and old ways do we see in this story? Who is the new American that is Rip at the end of the story? How is he changed? What do those changes correlate to in terms of changes in American identity after the Revolution?

2. In what ways might Poe's "The Fall of the House of Usher" be seen as a message regarding family traditions and conformity to tradition?

3. Write an essay about Melville's story "Bartleby the Scrivener" that examines Bartleby as a product of urban development. How does Bartleby refuse to conform? What message about individuality is Melville trying to convey?

4. Analyze what Davis seems to be saying about the American Dream and how we can reach our full potential. Is her story challenging the idea of the dream as the successful expression of ourselves that can overcome all other influences? Does Davis' story show that Emerson's ideal of the artist as a non-conformist is not really attainable or practical? Does the story demonstrate that it takes more than just self-reliance to be successful? Consider Dr. May's ideas about self-reliance as you develop your essay.

5. Wild card option: With your instructor's approval, you may develop an essay for this assignment that analyzes a work from seminar 3 or

4. You must consult with your instructor first, indicating which text you wish to use and how that analysis will demonstrate the concept of conformity and identity.