I. Please choose one of the following questions to answer. You need to write a complete essay - it should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. It needs to be clear which question you are answering. All information must be documented.

1. Before the arrival of European explorers and settlers what sorts of Native American societies existed from coast to coast? How did their diverse environments influence their social structures?

2. What are the varied impressions of European settlers that were initially formed at the first encounters? How do these impressions shape the relationships between Native Americans and Europeans?

3. How do we define civilization? Why did Native American communities not meet the definition of civilization?

4. In what ways, if any, did the Spanish, French, and English differ in their dealings with Indian peoples?

II. Please choose one of the following questions to answer. You need to write a complete essay - it should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. It needs to be clear which question you are answering. All information must be documented.

1. As Native peoples and Europeans encountered one another, what kinds of relationships did the establish? Who had the advantage? Did this position of advantage change over time? Why or Why not?

2. What was the purpose and effect of the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

3. Who was vying for Indian support throughout the American Revolution? What did each potential ally offer or threaten? How did this shape the relationship with Native tribes?

4. What were the various responses of Indian people to the social, cultural, and religious pressures imposed on them by the new United States?

III. Please choose one of the following questions to answer. You need to write a complete essay - it should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. It needs to be clear which question you are answering. All information must be documented.

1. What methods of removal did the United States implement, and where? What forms of resistance and support formed in response to the removal policy?

2. Where and in what ways did American expansion affect western Indians between 1860 - 1900?

3. What were the goals of Indian boarding schools, and in what ways did Native students use the kind of education they received there?

4. How did Indians and their leaders maintain aspects of their culture in the face of acculturation?

IV. Please choose one of the following questions to answer. You need to write a complete essay - it should have an introduction, body, and conclusion. It needs to be clear which question you are answering. All information must be documented.

1. What was new about the Indian New Deal?

2. Why did Indian people move to the cities in growing numbers after 1950?

3. What were the aims and achievements of the American Indian Movement?

4. What factors determine Indian identity in modern America?