(a) How much free energy is made available by the pH gradient and membrane potential for the transport of protons INTO the cell?

(b) As the protons are transported into the cell, ATP synthesis can be coupled to this process by the enzyme ATP synthase. At 100% efficiency, under the conditions listed above, how many protons must be transported to synthesize one molecule of ATP?

Temp: 37C

[ATP]=5mM, [ADP]=1mM, [phosphate]=2mM

For ATP hydrolysis, delta G= -30.5 kj/mole

pH gradient of 1

membrane potential of -120mv