Follow the instrctions

1) Three countries (India, Israel, Pakistan) never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). One (North Korea) signed the NPT, but left in 2003. Three other nations (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Ukraine) had nuclear weapons, but gave them up. South Africa and Libya are the only countries to have renounced their nuclear capabilities after developing an indigenous nuclear arsenal. What explains these differences? Specifically, refer to course readings and lectures to explain why these countries have behaved so differently. What does the variety of behavior reveal about the future prospects for a nuclear free world (i.e. global zero) and how can we get there someday?

2) The Joint Chiefs of Staff issued a definition of WMD in its 2004 publication National Military Strategy. It used the term: "WMD/E" and defined it as: "A broad range of adversary capabilities that pose potentially devastating impacts. WMD/E includes chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and enhanced high explosive weapons as well as other, more asymmetrical ‘weapons.' They may rely more on disruptive impact than destructive kinetic effects. For example, cyberattacks on U.S. commercial information systems or attacks against transportation networks may have a greater economic or psychological effect than a relatively small release of a lethal agent." Please comment on the "E" or "effects" part of the definition and why we should refer to cyber, EMP and similar threats as part of WMD.