problem 1) What do you mean by X-rays? How are they produced?

problem 2)(a) Draw energy level diagram and describe working of He-Ne Laser.

(b) describe the concept of Holography?

problem 3)(a) Determine the core radius necessary for single mode operation at 800 nm in step index fibre with n_l= 1.48 and n₂ = 1.47. Also determine the Numerical Aperture and maximum acceptance angle.

(b) What do you mean by Material dispersion?

problem 4)(a) describe the concept and utility of Lorentz transformations.

(b) What do you understand by simultaneity in relativity?

problem 5)(a) find out the de-Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal to the rest energy of an electron. Mass of proton is 1840 times that of the electron.

(b) What do you understand by normalization of a wave function?

problem 6)(a) prepare down advantages of synthesizing nano materials?

(b) Synthesis of nanotubes is a challenge. describe in detail.