problem 1:

a) describe regarding the presence of phosphorous in waste water and its removal.

b) What are different groups of pollutants present in water? Describe.

problem 2:

a) describe how the biological agents cause disease in the humans and animals via soil pollution.

b) State the factors on which the collection of air samples depends. In addition prepare the process of air sampling.

c) prepare all the precautions observed while preparing a soil sample.

problem 3:

a) Illustrate the principle of solvent extraction? Describe the procedure of separating a neutral organic and acidic organic component from the mixture by using the solvent extraction method.

b) With the help of an illustration describe the process of ion exchange in ion exchange chromatography. How is this separation method used for the softening and deionization of water?

problem 4:

a) Draw a schematic diagram of cell having a pH glass electrode. Derive an expression for the operational definition of pH.

b) Give the applications of conductivity. At 298K, the resistance of 1.00 x 10^-2 M KCl is 150 , while for 1.00 x 10^-2 M HCl the resistance is 51.4 . The conductivity of the KCl solution at 298K is 1.41 ×10^-3 Ω^-1. Compute the cell constant and the conductivity of the HCl solution.

problem 5:

a) describe the steps of a typical procedure used for spectrophotometric determination of a substance.

b) What are the possible precautions one must consider when water samples are to be collected and submitted for bacteriological analysis? Give short details of the multiple tube fermentation test.