Answer each of the following questions with a one-paragraph response, roughly 100-150 words in length. 25 points each.

1. How did the development of writing break our reliance on mnemonics for the transmission of knowledge?

2. According to Harvey Graff, how did the growth of print in Europe lead to the Reformation in the sixteenth century?

3. How did the rise of print in colonial America in the eighteenth century contribute to the movement of independence from Britain and the American Revolution?

4. How do economies of scale explain the emergence of the penny press in the nineteenth century? (Hint: industrialization.)

5. How did photography evolve from a specialized technique to one that allows amateurs to make photographs?