By the 1850s, the main methods of European state building had radically changed from its revolutionary roots in 1789, and by the 1870s. In general, realpolitik and nationalism strengthened notions of national differences, however, one could argue that it also strengthened international grassroots politics (for example international human rights campaigns).

In your essay describe how European nation-states sought to define national belonging and carve out distinct national economic and political bodies after 1850, and how at the same time Europe witnessed the expansion of International political alliances.

Do you think 19th c. nationalism fostered new forms of international political alliances? If yes, explain why. If no, explain why not.