Briefly explain whether each of the following procedural errors would result in a high, low, or an unchanged calculated mass of Ca2+ ion in an analyzed tablet

(1) A student had difficulty decanting the super-natant solution from the test tubes in Step 9, causing him to transfer some of the solid along with the solution.

(2) When rinsing the binder material from the test tubes a student observed small pieces of un-dissolved tablet in the solid at the bottom of the tubes.

3) A student found that the litmus paper did not turn blue when tested with a drop of the solution in Step 11 ,then failed to add additional Na2CO3 solution and test the solution again before proceeding to Step 12.

(4) A student discarded the torn-off filter paper corner, instead of placing it in the cone.

5) After labeling the filter paper, a student left wet fingerprints on the paper when transferring it to the balance to determine its mass.

(6) A student failed to determine the mass of the filter paper prior to filtering the CaCO3 in Part III. Realizing the importance of this mass, he selected a new piece of filter paper and used its mass in his calculations.