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A potential difference of 90 mV exists between the inner and outer surfaces of a 7.5 nm thick cell membrane. The inner surface is negative relative to the outer surface and the radius of the cell is 1 micrometer.

a) How much work is required to eject a positive sodium ion (Na+) from the interior of the cell?

b) If a positive sodium ion has a mass of 3.8 x 10-23 g, how fast could it be moving upon traveling through an ion channel from the exterior of the cell to its interior?

c) What is the electric field inside the cell membrane and inside the actual cell. Explain.

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