A cohort study is conducted to assess the association between clinical characteristics and the risk of stroke.  The study involves ,250 participants who are free of stroke at the study start.  Each participant is assessed at study start (baseline) and every year thereafter for five years.  The following table displays data on hypertension status measured at baseline and hypertension status measured two years later.

Compute the prevalence of hypertension at baseline.

Prevalence = ________

Compute the prevalence of hypertension at 2 years.

Prevalence = ________

Compute the cumulative incidence of hypertension over 2 years.

Incidence = ________

A case-control study is conducted to assess the relationship between heavy alcohol use during the first trimester of pregnancy and miscarriage.  Fifty women who suffered miscarriage are enrolled along with 50 who delivered full term.  Each participant's use of alcohol during pregnancy is ascertained.  Heavy drinking is defined as 4 or more drinks on one occasion.  The data are shown below.

Compute the odds of miscarriage in women with heavy alcohol use in pregnancy.

Odds _{Heavy Use} = ________

Compute the odds of miscarriage in women with no heavy alcohol use in pregnancy.

Odds _{No Heavy Use} ________

Compute is the odds ratio for miscarriage as a function of heavy alcohol use.

Odds Ratio = ________

In a nursing home, a program is launched in 2005 to assess the extent to which its residents are affected by diabetes.  Each resident has a blood test and 48 of the 625 residents have diabetes in 2005.  Residents who did not already have diabetes were again tested in 2010 and 57 residents had diabetes.

What is the prevalence of diabetes in 2005?

• Prevalence ₂₀₀₅ = ________

What is the cumulative incidence of diabetes over 5 years?

• Cumulative Incidence _{5 Years} = ________

What is the prevalence of diabetes in 2010 (assume that none of the residents in 2005 have died or left the nursing home)?

• Prevalence ₂₀₁₀ = ________