1. Discuss the role of Africa-American institution of higher learning in the late nineteenth century. Broadly speaking, what two main types of higher education were available to African Americans? How much control did African Americans wield over these institutions and what benefits did they gain from them? Was form of higher education more suited to the needs of black Americans, or were blacks best served by the coexistence of the two types of institution?

2. Even as it claimed to be fighting a "War for Democracy" the United States government passed several laws which stifled citizen's right to criticize their elected officials. How did these restrictions affect black newspapers and black activists? How did they respond to these restrictions?