1. Why did decades-long cycles of vengeance occur between the local Amerindians and the settlers of the Virginia Company in the early seventeenth century?

A) Virginia Company priests tried to force the Amerindians to embrace Christianity.

B) Amerindians hid gold deposits from the Virginia Company in order to undermine the company's profitability.

C) French settlers to the north secretly paid and supplied the Amerindians to rebel against Virginia Company settlement.

D) Settlers refused to farm and instead stole the food stores of the Amerindians.

2. Which correctly characterizes the maroon community of Palmares in seventeenth-century Brazil?

A) It was a confederation of a dozen fugitive villages, home to some ten thousand or more ex-slaves and their descendants.

B) It was a modest community of a thousand or so runaway slaves and their descendants.

C) It was an alliance between two groups of runaway slaves and their descendants, numbering two to three thousand people.

D) It was a small community of a couple hundred runaway slaves.

3. In Spanish America, what term was applied to the children born of mixed European and Amerindian heritage?

A) Zambos

B) Mestizos

C) Creole

D) Mulattos

4. How did the Barbados planters adapt their island's economy to emerging opportunities in the mid-seventeenth century?

A) They abandoned their early success in rice cultivation to establish themselves as the primary Caribbean slave market of the growing slave trade.

B) They focused on stable agricultural products such as wheat and corn, so that they could establish Barbados as the capital city and governor's residence of the British Caribbean.

C) They encouraged the development of piracy as a source of commercial funds to develop early manufacturing.

D) They accumulated capital from tobacco cultivation and used it to develop sugar cultivation.

5. How did the use of indentured servants in the northern European colonies of the seventeenth-century Caribbean pave the way for slavery?

A) Indentured servants cleared the forests, thus sparing the African slaves from having to undertake the most dangerous and deadly work of colonization.

B) The physical weakness and ill health of the indentured servants convinced plantation owners that African slaves were necessary for the labor force.

C) The profits accumulated from the work of indentured servants permitted plantation owners to begin to buy slaves.

D) Indentured servants helped northern Europeans learn how to manage the new innovation of bound labor, thus preparing them to become slave masters.

6. In addition to farming, what other activities became an important part of how the early New England colonies of the seventeenth century supported themselves?

A) Textile production

B) Iron and copper mining

C) Fishing and whaling

D) Ship building and repair

7. Why were Romas (gypsies) banned from Spanish America?

A) Spanish authorities believed that the Romas practiced fortunetelling and witchcraft.

B) Spanish authorities feared that they would seek to establish an independent state.

C) Spanish authorities believed that the Romas were secret Muslims.

D) Spanish authorities assumed that the Romas would abuse the Amerindians, tricking them out of land grants.

8. In the mid-Atlantic region of New York and Pennsylvania, how did slaves typically express their discontent in the seventeenth century?

A) Through a slave union organized to provide slaves the ability to negotiate with authorities

B) Through “passive” means such as work stoppage, tool breaking, and truancy

C) Through the slaves' rejection of Christianity

D) Through widespread and well organized rebellions

9. How did colonial Venezuela's economy develop differently than other Spanish-American colonies?

A) It was based on the production of raw chocolate beans.

B) It was based on establishment of tobacco plantations.

C) It was based on the development of coal reserves.

D) It was based on manufacturing rather than agriculture.

10. What role did convents serve in colonial Spanish America?

A) Convents served as models of economic development for Amerindians as they developed small-scale manufacturing.

B) Convents served as isolated way-stations for travelers as they sought to remove themselves from major population centers.

C) Convents served as shelters for women facing hardships, and as reformatories for those accused of prostitution and minor crimes.

D) Convents served as tax-collection centers since the nuns could be trusted not to steal state revenues.

11. How did slavery in English colonies from Maryland to Georgia differ from slavery in Spanish and Portuguese America?

A) In the English colonies, slaves had far less access to the possibility of emancipation and to the religion of the planters than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

B) In the English colonies, the slaves received more lenient treatment and less arduous duties than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

C) In the English colonies, the slaves were more commonly and openly integrated into the lives of the masters than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

D) In the English colonies, the slaves gained greater rights and protections from the government than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

12. How did Brazilian elites seek to avoid cultural hybridization in seventeenth-century Brazil?

A) They sought to mimic metropolitan styles and ideas in Portugal.

B) They created an entirely new Brazilian cultural form.

C) They focused on business concerns and ignored cultural matters.

D) They adopted Spanish models of racial-social stratification.

13. Why did widows wield strong influence over their children's marriage choices?

A) The Catholic Church forbade marriage without the authorization of one parent, regardless of the age of those marrying.

B) Wealthy fortune hunters frequently sought to woo the daughters of wealthy widows in order to seize control of the family fortunes.

C) Widows sought to ensure that their daughters achieved a marital happiness denied them by having their daughter marry men of roughly the same age.

D) Marriages allowed estates to be combined and expanded, cementing a family's fortunes in the face of uncertainty.

14. How did Catholicism affect Spanish-American society in the seventeenth century?

A) The lack of priests left Catholicism extremely weak, with its practice confined to only a few major cities.

B) Catholicism provided a common cultural touchstone that connected the members of an ethnically and culturally diverse society.

C) The vast landholdings of the Catholic Church made it a central economic power in Spanish America.

D) Catholicism dominated social life so that a stern Catholic morality undergirded social relationships.

15. What were the two great bases of the Spanish empire in the Americas?

A) Lima and Mexico City

B) Havana and Lima

C) Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City

D) Lima and Rio de Janeiro

16. How did the European settlement of Atlantic North America in the seventeenth century differ from that of Spanish America or Brazil?

A) Atlantic North America provided land more conducive to producing commercial agriculture and profits for the colonial investors.

B) European settlements in Atlantic North America expanded rapidly due to the lack of large Amerindian empires to resist their development.

C) Europeans settling in Atlantic North America retained more Old World norms in agriculture and other economic activities.

D) Europeans settling in Atlantic North America adopted practices from and integrated with Amerindians more readily.

17. Why were France's efforts to establish a permanent colony in the New World delayed until the early 1600s?

A) France lacked financial resources after the 100 Years' War.

B) France was at civil war from the 1560s through the 1590s.

C) France sought conquests in Europe rather than abroad.

D) France did not have adequate shipping for long-distance trade.

18. Which correctly describes slavery in seventeenth-century New France?

A) Most slaves were Amerindians captured in warfare and used for household labor.

B) New France enslaved Africans, Amerindians, and French indentured servants equally in an effort to encourage economic development.

C) New France outlawed slavery under pressure from Jesuit missionaries seeking to convert indigenous peoples.

D) Unable to gain control over Amerindians, New France relied upon large numbers of African slaves for labor.

19. How did English management of its empire differ from Spain in the seventeenth century?

A) Spain created a bureaucratic and centralizing system, while England lacked an overarching structure of governance.

B) England managed political matters but left economic issues largely to the control of local colonists.

C) Spain allowed religious diversity in order to encourage immigration from Europe, while England required allegiance to the Church of England.

D) England created a more coherent and standardized governing system than the Spanish method, which allowed nearly all power to be retained locally.

20. Why did seventeenth-century Portuguese masters and crown officials permit some secret trade among African slaves and the practice of self-purchase?

A) Church officials believed free blacks would more likely convert to Christianity, and they pressured master and government officials to allow freedom for slaves.

B) Master and officials were making sufficient profits that they did not concern themselves with the slaves' activities.

C) Masters and officials found ways to profit from the illegal trade and from allowing elderly slaves to become free.

D) Masters and officials were aware that slaves greatly outnumbered them in the region.