1. what is the molecular bonding order of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle

2.Homework problem:-

Map-based gene isolation

Walnut trees bears nuts on terminal branches. The variety ‘Chandler' is exceptional in that it bears nuts also on lateral branches, which greatly increases nut yield per tree. Chandler is therefore a major walnut variety planted all over California. In the effort to identify the causative gene, we crossed‘Chandler'(lateral bearing, L) with the variety ‘Idaho'(terminal bearing, T). The gene was mapped on chromosome 11 between SNP markers "C" and "E" The genome sequence for walnut indicated that the C-E interval contained 6 genes.

To find which gene is the best candidate for the lateral/terminal phenotype, we screen 6,000 progeny sapling trees for those with crossovers in this C-E interval and found 26 such saplings. We transplanted the saplings into a field in Davis and determined the nut bearing phenotype four years later, when the trees reached their bearing age. Below are the SNP genotypes of these 26 trees. The ‘Chandler' SNP alleles are indicated by subscripts "1" and the ‘Idaho' SNP alleles are indicated by subscripts "2".

The lateral bearing phenotype L is completely dominant over the terminal bearing phenotype T.

(a) Indicate by vertical lines the locations of crossovers in the 26 trees.

(b) Based on recombination among the genes and the L or T phenotype, identify the most likely candidate gene for the lateral/terminal phenotype.

SNP genotypes of the genes in the C-E interval Bearing phenotype

Trees

              CMNOP                           QRE     

1.   C₂C₂M₂M₂N₂N₂O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

2.   C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₂O₂O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₂E₂T

3.   C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₂O₁O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₂E₂L

4.   C₁ C₂M₁M₂N₁N₂O₂O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₂E₂T

5.   C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₁O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

6.   C₂C₂M₁M₂N₁N₂O₁O₁P₁P₁   Q₁Q₁R₁R₁E₁E₁L

7.   C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₂O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

8.   C₂C₂M₂M₂N₂N₁O₁O₁P₁P₁   Q₁Q₁R₁R₁E₁E₁L

9.   C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₁O₁O₁P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

10. C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₂O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

11. C₁C₁M₁M₂N₁N₂O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

12. C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₂O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

13. C₁C₁M₁M₂N₁N₂ O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

14. C₁ C₂M₁M₂N₁N₁O₂O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂    E₂E₂T

15. C₁ C₂M₁M₂N₁N₁O₁O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂    E₂E₂L

16. C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₁O₂O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₁E₂T

17. C₁ C₂M₁M₂N₁N₁O₁O₁P₁P₁   Q₁Q₁R₁R₁    E₁E₁L

18. C₁ C₂M₁M₂N₁N₂O₂O₂P₁P₂Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂ T

19. C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₁O₁O₁P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

20. C₁ C₂M₁M₁N₁N₁O₁O₁P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₂E₂L

21. C₁ C₂M₁M₂N₁N₂O₁O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₂E₂L

22. C₁C₁M₁M₂N₁N₂O₂O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂T

23. C₂C₂M₂M₂N₁N₂O₁O₁P₁P₁   Q₁Q₁R₁R₁E₁E₁L

24. C₂C₁M₂M₂N₂N₂O₂O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂T

25. C₁C₁M₁M₁N₁N₂O₁O₂P₁P₂   Q₁Q₂R₁R₂E₁E₂L

26. C₂C₂M₂M₂N₁N₂O­₁O₂P₂P₂   Q₂Q₂R₂R₂E₁E₂L