1 The transfer of heat from the body's interior to the surface is achieved primarily through the flow of blood. In cold surroundings blood flow near the skin is reduced by constriction of capillaries. This allows the skin to provide the insulation. Skin temperature can drop to as low as 15 degrees reducing the heat loss from the skin to the environment while the body maintains its normal temperature of about 37 degrees. When your skin temperature is 29 degrees what is the effective average thickness of the insulating layer of tissue separating the skin at 29 degrees from the body interior at 37 degrees. (assume the average surface area of a typical person is 1.5m squared and the average heat transfer is 120 Watts)

2. A young couple realize that by eating to much ice cream and cake they over ate by about 500 calories. To compensate they want to do an equivalent work climbing stairs or a mountain. How much vertical height must they walk up. (each has a mass of 60 kg. assume that a body transfers energy with the efficiency of 20 %)