1. Studies conducted in England during the Industrial Revolution have shown that children born to poor families were, on average, shorter than those born to wealthier parents. The most likely explanation for this difference in height is a difference in
nutrition.
family size.
genetic makeup.
genetic disorders.

2. A woman with a genetic disease marries a man who does not carry the disease. It is not possible for their children to carry the disease. The disease must be
sex-linked.
recessive.
dominant.
caused by an extra chromosome.

3. Which of the following is an example of inbreeding?
A farmer chooses the cows in his or her herd that produce the most milk and breeds only those cows.
A farmer chooses the cows in his or her herd that produce the most milk and breeds them with cows that get sick less often.
A farmer chooses the cows in his or her herd that produce the most milk and injects them with hormones that make them produce more milk.
A farmer chooses the cows in his or her herd that produce the most milk and pulls them out of the breeding stock.

4. Scientists have inserted the gene for human insulin into bacteria. These bacteria make the insulin protein, which can then be used by people who have diabetes. This process is an example of
hybridization.
gene therapy.
selective breeding.
genetic engineering.

5. Which of the following correctly identifies the sequence of stages of human development?
embryo over arrow zygote over arrow fetus over arrow embryo
blastocyst over arrow embryo over arrow fetusover arrow zygote
zygote over arrow blastocyst over arrow embryo over arrow fetus
blastocyst over arrow zygoteover arrow embryoover arrow fetus

6. The main purpose of the testes is to make
eggs.
embryos.
sperm.
zygotes.

7. Egg-laying land animals have evolved to produce eggs with tough shells to ensure that
external fertilization can take place.
the egg and the sperm can fuse.
parental care is unnecessary.
the developing embryo does not dry out.

8. An insect undergoes major changes in its life cycle-from egg, to larva, to pupa, to adult. This insect goes through
metamorphosis.
budding.
alternation of generations.
internal fertilization.

9. A woman gives birth to a son. What is the probability that her second child will be a girl?
0 percent
25 percent
50 percent
100 percent

10. Two identical flowering plants are planted in neighboring yards. One plant grows tall and healthy, producing numerous pink flowers. The other is small, has brown leaves, and never flowers. What could be the difference between the two plants?
One of the plants is in the sporophyte generation, which does not flower, while the other is in the gametophyte generation.
One of the plants has access to the pollinator it needs, while the other does not.
One of the plants contains the genetic information that tells it to flower, while the other does not.
One of the plants has the nutrients and light it needs to grow and flower, while the other does not.

11. Over time, a plant pollinated by a hummingbird has developed very long, tube-like flowers. Why might the flower have adapted in this way?
The longer, tube-shaped flowers probably developed to keep the hummingbird from reaching and drinking the flower's nectar.
The longer, tube-shaped flowers probably developed so that the hummingbird must stick its head in the flower to drink the nectar.
The longer, tube-shaped flowers probably developed so that pollen would not fall into them as a hummingbird flies past.
The longer, tube-shaped flowers probably developed so that hummingbirds could land on them.

12. How do the cherries on a cherry tree help the plant reproduce?
Cherries develop into seeds, which are young, undeveloped plants.
Animals eat the cherries, which helps disperse the plant's seeds.
Pollen inside the cherries fertilizes ovules, which produce seeds.
Cherries are carried away by the wind, which means the seeds do not have to compete for resources.

13. A geneticist is studying a pedigree that shows the family history of a recessive genetic disease. Which of the following pedigrees shows an impossible relationship?
Pedigree that shows parents who do not have a disease and are not carriers and a child who does not have a disease and is not a carrier.
Pedigree that shows parents who have a disease and a child who has the disease.
Pedigree that shows parents who are both carriers for a disease and a child who does not have the disease.
Pedigree that shows one parent who has the disease, one who is a carrier, and a child who does not have the disease.

Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the statement or answers the question.

14. The scientific name for a plant that reproduces with flowers is a(n)

15. At certain times of the year, the male sage grouse can be seen inflating the air sacs on his chest and singing loudly to a female sage grouse. This behavior is likely an example of a(n)

16. In humans, the developing embryo receives nutrients and oxygen through a tube called the

17. Place the following words into the illustration below: gametes, sporophyte, gametophyte, and zygote. Explain how the terms are related.

Circular diagram including five arrows pointing clockwise: top arrow points to spores; next arrow points from spores to a blank labeled 1.; next arrow points from 1. To a blank labeled 2., (egg and sperm) underneath the blank; next arrow points from 2. to blank labeled 3, next arrow points from 3. to blank labeled 4.

18. A couple has just learned that their daughter has hemophilia. They already have a son who does not have the disease. What are the genotypes of the couple? Explain your reasoning.

19. Explain the differences between internal and external fertilization and the advantages and disadvantages of each reproductive strategy.