1. Shear plane angle and shear strain: In an orthogonal cutting operation, the tool has a rake angle = 15°. The chip thickness before the cut = 0.31 mm and the cut yields a deformed chip thickness = 0.70 mm. Calculate (a) the shear plane angle and (b) the shear strain for the operation. 2. Shear strength: The cutting force and thrust force have been measured in an orthogonal cutting operation to be 302 lb and 290 lb, respectively. The rake angle = 15°, width of cut = 0.300 in, chip thickness before the cut = 0.016, and chip thickness ratio = 0.42. Determine (a) the shear strength of the work material and (b) the coefficient of friction in the operation. 3. Cutting temperature: Orthogonal cutting is performed on a metal whose mass specific heat = 1.1 J/g-C, density = 2.98 g/cm3, and thermal diffusivity = 0.85 cm2/s. The cutting speed is 5.5 m/s, uncut chip thickness is 0.26 mm, and width of cut is 3.2 mm. The cutting force is measured at 1180 N. Using Cook's equation, determine the cutting temperature if the ambient temperature = 25°C.