1. Maximilien Robespierre led which political faction?

a. Jacobins

b. Sans-culottes

c. Feuillants

d. Girondins 0. Montagne

2. In order to compromise regarding citizenship, the Assembly classified whom as "active" citizens?

a. members of the sans culottes

b. men and women over the age of 25

c. all men over age 25

d. men who owned or controlled property

e. men who were employed

3. Reforms to the church were made by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. What was the group of people called who refused to abide by this constitution?

a. separatists

b. traitors

c. nonjurors

d. the first estate

e. Jansenists

4. Of the groups opposed to the Revolution, the emigres were those who

a. opposed disbanding the Catholic Church.

b. were avid supporters of the king.

c. felt it was too dangerous to live in France.

d. were expelled by order of the National Assembly.

e. were foreigners in nations opposed to the Revolution.

5. In response to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and other aspects of change, Louis XVI and his family

a. fled Paris but were captured and held prisoner.

b. enthusiastically endorsed the secularization of the government.

c. embraced the new Constitution of 1791.

d. appealed to the people of France for calm in working out new departments.

e. were executed by guillotine.

6. The new religion that Robespierre presided over at festivals was

a. Temples of Reason.

b. Cult of the Supreme Being.

c. Festivus.

d. Emits of the Season.

e. the Marseillaise.

7. Which groups under Napoleon did nor have freedom to worship their chosen religion?

a. Protestants

b. Catholics

c. Jews

d. Protestants, Jews, and Catholics

e. Napoleon allowed all of these groups to practice their chosen religion.

8. The longest-lasting refonn made by Napoleon was

a. the Concordat of 1801.

b. the reestablishment of slavery.

c. the reorganization of the government using prefects.

d. the revision of the law code.

e. mandatory military service for all men under the age of thirty.

9. The Continental System was Napoleon's method of

a. declaring economic war on England.

b. applying universal systems of rule through his conquered tcnitorics in Germany, Austria, and Poland.

c. the extension of the Napoleonic law code throughout the cmpirc.

d. the end of religious discrimination throughout all his territories.

e creating satellite kingdoms by placing his brothers and sisters on thrones throughout the continent.

10. Who were the two other major participants in the Congas of Vienna (after Austria)?

a. Russia and England.

b. France and Russia.

c. Prussia and Russia.

d. Prussia and France.

e. France and England.

11. Consemathism can best be described as

a. opposing change.

b. preferring autocratic monarchy.

c. believing human nature is corrupt.

d. endorsing traditional organized religion.

e. all of these.

12. Classical liberalism contains all of the following features except

a. emphasis on freedom of the individual.

b. embracing civil liberties.

c. extension of equality to women as partners of men.

d. reverence for the law as a unifying standard.

e. a laissez-faire approach to the economy.

13. According to definition, thestate is a political entity which does all of the following except

a. collect taxes.

b. finance armies.

c. issue passports.

d. emphasize common culture.

e. demand obedience of laws.

14. The most decisive factor in repealing the Corn Laws was the

a. outbreak of revolution in France in 1848.

b. potato famine in Ireland.

c. radical activities of the Manchester Underground.

d. implementation of a minimum wage.

e. pressure from the Factory Acts.

15. The key promoters of the Reform 13111 of 1832 were

a. the Whigs.

b. the Tories.

c. the abolitionists.

d. the bourgeoisie.

e. none of these.

16. All of these factors mitigated against continental industrialization except

a. a lack of scientific technology.

b. less available internal transportation

c. strength of Enropean guilds.

d. less available natural resources for mechanization.

e. lack of a cash economy to support a capitalist market.

17. Which was the first region in continental Europe to industrialize?

a. Belgium

b. Germany

c. France

d. Holland

e. Austria-Hungary

18. What was created by the French inventor Joseph Marie Jacquard?

a. A type of loom that could weave patterned fabric.

b. A system of interchangeable parts.

c. A division of labor known as the factory system.

d. A mechanism for harvesting cotton.

e. Harnessing hydraulic power instead of coal-based steam.

19. Industrialization and urban growth negatively affected which of the following?

a. tenements

b. pollution

c. expense of food

d. spread of disease like tuberculosis

e. All ofthese.

20. Henri de Saint-Simon was considered pan of which group of social reformers?

a. communists.

b. radicals.

c. liberals.

d. utopian socialists.

e. Christian hwnanists.

21. Marx's use of the Hegelian dialectical was unique because

a. he argued that revolution was the new historical inevitability.

b. he engaged the dialectic and applied it to the concepts of materialism.

c. the clash of thesis and antithesis would synthesize a new world system of capitalism.

d. Hegel had argued that history was unchanging, whereas Marx applied it to revolution.

e. of none of these.

22. Marx believed that the best means to understand the world was through

a. economics.

b. class structures.

c. philosophy.

d. nationality.

e. cultural orientation.

23. What was a result of the publication of the Communist Manifesto?

a. It directly contributed to the growth of trade unionism.

b. It made governments realize that they had to respond to worker demands or risk revolution.

c. Karl Marx became wealthy.

d. Manchester was subject to an environmental overhaul to clean up working conditions.

e. The passage of child labor laws in Britain and Prussia.

24. All of the following opposed nationalism in the second half of the nineteenth century except

a. the Catholic Church.

b. socialists.

c. communists.

d. eastern European empires.

e. conservatives in western Europe.

25. Which of the following was the most important political ideology in 1848?

a. absolutism

b. constitutionalism

c. capitalism

d. liberalism

e. nationalism

26. The Compromise of 1867 granted

a. recognition of the Hungarian language for education and journalism purposes.

b. local states within empires the right to use their own dialects.

c. limited workers' organization rights.

d. domestic autonomy in Hungary.

e. limited rights for voting within the Habsburg protectorate states.

27. The 1848 revolutions in Veneto and Lombardy were in opposition to

a. French occupation in the northwest.

b. exclusion from Cavour's liberalist government.

c. Austrian presence in the north.

d. suppression of anti-Catholic activities.

e. suppression of the Red Shirts.

28. Among the demands of Germanys King

a. Loire Valley William I to scale the Franco Prussian war, was the transfer of

b. Alsace-Lorraine

c. Normandy

d. Nice

e. Marseilles

29. The first European nation to recognize workers' demands for unemployment and retirement was

a. France.

b. Sweden.

c. Germany.

d. England.

e. Italy.

30. In the late nineteenth century educational reforms, new institutions of higher learning placed emphasis on which of the followingg+

a. languages

b. national history

c. ethnology

d. science and mathematics

e. political science

31. Zionism was defined as

a. the idea that Jews were not an ethnicity but a nation that needed a geopolitical state.

b. a movement for cultural assimilation of Jews into other nation•mates.

c. maintaining a separatecultural identification without compromising national identity.

d. a synthesis of cultural and ethnic concepts, for example, the combination of the languages
of Hebrew and German to form Yiddish.

e. an official nate program of anti.Semitism.

32. In his opposition to nationalism. Pope Pius IX resorted to all of these measures except

a. refusal to recognize the state of Italy.

b. publishing the Index of Forbidden Boob.

c. pushing for the doctrine of papal infallibility.

d. issuing the S'yllabia of Errors.

e. opposing lay education.

33. Pope Leo XIII was notable for his compromises. including

a. reconciliation of faith with modem life for moderate Catholics.

b. acceptance of socialism for its humanitarian goals.

c. allowing priests to serve as political activists to keep workers from falling into states of sin.

d. support of anti-Semitic pogroms in Russia.

e. none of these.

34. According to Steven W. Sowards' Lecture 7: Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867, in April 1848, the Hungarian Diet (parliament) passed a series of 10 laws. Which of the following did NOT occur under the new laws:

a. Toleration was extended to all religions (including Judasism): that is, all such belivers became eligible for all the rights of a citizen.

b. Freedom of the press and of instruction in school was established.

c. All males aged at least 20 who met certain property requirements and spoke Magyar would vote in elections to the lower chamber (this meant about 7 percent of the total population: the upper house remained a hereditary house of lords).

d. Administrative union with Transylvania was announced, pending continuation by the separate Transylvanian Diet (which consented nanimously in May).

35. According to Sowards. which of the following groups (in addition to the Russians) joined the Austrians to defeat the Hungarians in the 184849 revolution?

a. The Poles c. The Croatians

b. The Sicilians d. The Bulgarians

36. Sowards notes, "The revolutionary regimes in Paris, Prague, Vienna and Frankfurt were dispersed by a few troops: it took a year of warfare by the combined forces of Austria and Russia to end the Magyar experiment." Contrasting revolutions in Paris, Frankfurt and Vienna (which tended to be city-based and of specific associations like professionals, intellectuals and students), the revolution in Hungary had wide support among which groups?

a. Austrian conservatives

b. Country/State legislative/Executive bodies and the armed forces

c. Slovak and Serb minorities of the Crown lands

d. Romanian nationalists

True/False

Indicate whether the statement is tnee orfalse. 3 points each

37. The first French Constitution was issued in 1791.

38. Thomas Paine wrote in vigorous support of the French Revolution.

39. The Reign of Terror meant the government controlled the economy and eliminated counter-revolutionaries.

40. The Continental System implemented by Napoleon was the attempt to initiate industrialization along the British model.

41. The attempt to take Russia in 1812 cost Napoleon less than 40% of his troops.

42. King Louis XVIR was coronated at Rheims in 1831 as had long desired.

43. A significant source of contention at the Congress of Vienna had to do with the partitioning of Poland.

44. The Congress System was formed to suppress revolution and liberalism.

45. Romanticism embraced rationalism and the logic of the enlightenment, seeking a return to those intellectual ideas of the past.

46. One of the greatest speakers for conservativism in Britain was Edmund Burke.

47. John Stuart Mill wrote in support of women being recognized as equal in intelligence and political understanding to men.

48. Johann Herder argued that German unification relied upon a singular. common culture and language.

49. The Carlsbad Decrees relaxed intellectual and political restrictions in Germany in 1819.

50. The Decembrists in Russia in 1825 staged a revolt in favor of a Constitutional Monarchy.

51. Francois Guizot believed that the poor had brought their condition upon themselves.

52. Britain was the first place in Europe that allowed trade unions to lam legally.

53. Charles Fourier applied his ideas of egalitarianism within all classes of men, but not women, as he felt they were not sufficiently developed in the capitalist market to be a significant force of change.

54. The Slavic Congress in 1848 pledged to overthrow the Habsburg empire.

55. The French, led by Napoleon III, won the Franco-Prussian War.

56. Bismarck's KulturIcampf movement was a failure.

57. Russian was the primary language of instruction in Polish schools in the nineteenth century.

58. Mass education in the nineteenth century was a contributing factor to the rising middle classes.

59. Theodor Heal brought public notice onto the anti•gemitic pogroms happening in Russia in the late nineteenth century.

60. The Second Socialist Intonational was split on various types of nationalism affecting a unified socialist platform.