1. Light falls on NaCl crystal at an angle of 40^o to the normal. The refractive index of sodium chloride is 1.544 As a direct result of the refraction of the medium the light emerges from the crystal via the solid line shown in the diagram. The angle on exit is the same as the angle of incidence. Calculate the distance (d) between the actual path on exit (heavy line) and the path the light would take directly without the crystal (dotted line).The thickness of the crystal, t = 7.5 cm.

2. Two isotopes of carbon , C¹² and C¹³ traveling with the same velocity move through a isotope has a charge e = 1.6 x 10^-19 C and enters a mass spectrometer in which the magnetic field B is 0 85 T The ions then travel along a circular path inside the spectrometer. Given that 1 amu = 1.66 x10^-27 kg

a. Calculate the speed of each isotope before entering the mass spectrometer. 

b. Once inside the magnetic field, all the necessary forces on the ions are assumed balanced. Based on this information calculate the radius of the path of each of the isotope in the spectrometer.