1. In the mid- to late-nineteenth century, John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil held a global monopoly on
A. kerosene.
B. natural gas.
C. shale oil.
D. petroleum.

2. In Nigeria, the Biafran War began
A. when an Ibo-led military council proclaimed a centralized dictatorship.
B. after Nigeria was divided into 19 small units.
C. with the death of the military dictator General Sani Abacha.
D. after a countercoup by Nigerian Muslims seized the national government.

3. As Western European recovery accelerated into the 1960s, guest workers were typically recruited from all of the following, except
A. Yugoslavia.
B. India.
C. southern Italy.
D. North Africa.

4. In 2007, what incident led to Pervez Musharraf's fall from power in Pakistan?
A. The replacement of the chief justice of the Supreme Court with one of his political allies
B. The election of Benazir Bhutto's husband to the presidency
C. The international reaction to Pakistan's acquisition of nuclear weapons
D. The assassination of Benazir Bhutto

5. After Mandela suspended the African National Congress's armed struggle in 1990, negotiations between Mandela and de Klerk led to all of the following, except
A. guaranteed job security for white government workers.
B. universal suffrage.
C. black majority rule.
D. economy stimulus packages.

6. In Latin America, economic nationalism has been most successful in
A. Argentina and Brazil.
B. Mexico and Central America.
C. Chile and Argentina.
D. Mexico and Brazil.

7. Since the stunning 2002 electoral victory of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), the people of Turkey have been concerned that the AKP
A. will restore Ottoman-style authoritarianism.
B. will attempt to spread Turkish culture across the Middle East.
C. will embrace radical socialism.
D. will challenge Turkey's strict separation of church and state.

8. In the 1980s, as colonies gained independence, instances of terrorism
A. increased dramatically.
B. remained about the same.
C. decreased.
D. increased slightly.

9. In French-speaking Africa, which state adopted radical Marxism?
A. Mali
B. Ivory Coast
C. Ghana
D. Senegal

10. Demographic factors that contributed to the rise of the counterculture included all of the following, except
A. the use of LSD and other psychedelics led to widespread impulsive behavior.
B. the postwar baby boom meant that young people made up a large portion of the population.
C. mass communications and youth travel spread the counterculture over North America and Europe.
D. postwar prosperity meant that young people had significant purchasing power.

11. In 1957, the six Western European countries of the Coal and Steel Community signed the Treaty of _______ to create the Common Market.
A. Brussels
B. Lausanne
C. Rome
D. Paris

12. After Indonesia was declared independent in 1949, the first leader of that nation was
A. a multi-ethnic congress.
B. SusiloYudhoyono.
C. Suharto.
D. Sukarno.

13. All of the following events took place under the Reagan administration, except
A. the ousting of Jean-Bertrand Aristide in Haiti.
B. illegal funding of the Contras through weapons sales to Iran.
C. an engineered coup in Haiti in 1986.
D. the funding of a Contra military force to counter the Sandinista government.

14. Regarding multinational corporations in the era of globalization, which of the following statements is false?

A. They could invest large sums of money in research and development.
B. Their activities were sharply restrained by national governments.
C. They could sustain monopolies on their products and services.
D. They used sophisticated promotion and advertising to sell their products around the world.

15. Among the many Eastern European revolutions of 1989, the only violent, bloody revolution took place in
A. Poland.
B. Czechoslovakia.
C. Romania.
D. Hungary.

16. The concept of "Vietnamization" was initiated by
A. Richard Nixon.
B. Dwight Eisenhower.
C. Lyndon Johnson.
D. John Kennedy.

17. In 1964, a loose union of Palestine refugees led to the formation of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) under Yasir Arafat. What was the aim of the PLO?
A. Driving Israel from East Jerusalem
B. Establishing Palestinian self-rule in their original homeland
C. Establishing a Pan-Arab League
D. Evicting Israel from Palestine

18. Juan Perón was to Argentina as Augusto Pinochet was to
A. Chile.
B. Venezuela.
C. Paraguay.
D. Brazil.

19. In Japan, under the sweeping authority of General Douglas MacArthur, all of the following reforms were enacted, except

End of exam
A. land reform assured MacArthur's support from Japan's peasants.
B. the emperor was to remain a symbolic head of state.
C. women were granted equality before the law.
D. antitrust laws were abolished.

20. When the Big Three met at _______, Harry Truman demanded free elections in Eastern Europe.

Stalin's refusal was a factor in the emergent Cold War.
A. Potsdam
B. Tehran
C. Berlin
D. Yalta