1. Compare the Spanish Empire in North and South America with that of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean. In your comparison, consider the following: What motivated the expansion? What role did religion play? What long-term consequences can you detect?

2. In what specific ways did the Atlantic slave trade transform African societies? In your answer, discuss general trends and then specific developments in societies noted in the text such as Ghana and Benin.

3. What was the Protestant Reformation? Discuss three major consequences of the Reformation and how it transformed Europe.

4. The textbook examines four revolutions that occurred between 1776 and 1825. What were they? Select two and compare them. What circumstances caused this age of revolution?

5. What were the differences between industrialization in the United States and in Russia?

6. How did Latin America experience the Industrial Revolution? Was its development in the 19th century tied to that of Europe? How so?