Problem

1. Show that pilot symbols can be used to track both fading and small residual frequency errors in the receiver. What are the constraints on this residual frequency error?

2. The last column of Table 3.4 lists the exact formulas for the bit error rates of different digital modulation schemes operating over a slow Rayleigh fading channel. The parameter m) denotes the mean value of the received signal-energy-to-noise spectral density ratio.

(a) Derive these exact formulas.

(b) Assuming that it) is large compared to unity, find the approximate forms of these formulas.