Laboratory: Permeability

Write a couple of sections of a Petroleum Engineering

Prepare the Permeability laboratory report.

b. Write background part on the above two articles and Executive Summary;

c. Experimental Procedure;

d. Nomenclature;

e. All equations.

The lab manual, report template, and one previous lab report are attached so that you know what it is supposed to look like.

Please cite the sources that you use and include the references. All the details are in the lab manual and just follow the report template. This one will be about permeability.

Permeability of a sand/glass bead packing

1. Measure the flow rate.

2. Measure the pressure drop.

3. Calculate the permeability of a core.

Pre-Experiment Procedures

1. Check if all team members are present otherwise report to TA or instructor.

2. Check if you and your team members are wearing the proper attire and safety protection.

3. Check if all materials are present and working. For each experimental station:
  a. HPLC Pump;
  b. Stop watch;
  c. Measuring cylinder;
  d. Steel tube with a core sample sealed inside.

4. Note down the location of all safety equipment e.g. Fire extinguishers, Eye wash, Safety shower, Fire alarms, and First aid kit.

  Procedure

1. Note down model no. of all equipment/instruments.

2. Note down the uncertainty of the pressure gauge.

3. Note down you tube number because each tube has its own parameters.

4. Start the pump by setting its flow rates at lowest of 4 different flow numbers (depends on which tube you are using, the instructor will give you the corresponding flow rates).

5. Pump the water the pass through the tube. Check for any leaks and report to the TA or instructor.

6. Once the pressure has stabilized in a few minutes, place the measuring cylinder at the outlet of the packed column and start the stop watch.

7. Stop the stopwatch at a predefined volume. Do not forget to lift the plastic tube from the water because it takes some space and causes error.

8. When you finished one flow rate and ready to go to next flow rate, you should stop the pump, change the flow rate, and then start the pump again.

9. Record the time to fill the volume, and the corresponding Max and Min pressure on the gauge. Measuring 5 times for each flow rate. Your team should have totally 20 readings.

10. Make sure the TA signs the observation sheet attesting that you have returned all the equipment and materials as is.

Post Experiment Suggestions

1. Literature search:
   a. Minimum 2 book references and 6 journal references;

  b. Describe methods of measurement of permeability of sandstone using liquid and gas. Are they the same? How do the two correlate? Support it with equations and references;
   c. How are those measurements different from the one done in the lab? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?
   d. Provide data of permeability of sand packs, sandstone, carbonates and shale.

2. Draw schematic of the experiment and insert photograph of the experiment.

3. Perform calculations with error analysis. What are your assumptions and explain the reasons for those assumptions?

4. Show step by step for one data point all calculations with appropriate units.

5. Results and Discussion:
  a. Make a summary table for all your results and uncertainties;
  b. Support your results with figures/graphs and tables;
  c. Defend the credibility of your data and measurements with error analysis;
  d. Support your data with the references used in the background.
  e. Discuss our lab method, the limitation, the accuracy, and the possible improvement for our home-made equipment.

6. Follow the template.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1) It should consist of two paragraphs.

2) Should not be numbered. Should not exceed 1 page.

3) First section:The intellectual merit of the activity.

a. The problem statement and what are the specific objectives/aims of the experiment.

b. One or two sentences explaining what was done.

c. One or two sentences indicating the main findings. (Absolutely essential). Include the result values here. How does your data compare with literature?

4) Second section: Broad impacts.

a. What is the most important consequence of the work? E.g. how is this measurement important in Petroleum Engineering?

b. Where this measured quantity is used in practice? May have to use background part of the report.

c. Write this part as if you are the first person to do this experiment in the entire world and how will it impact the science, technology and where all it will be used and how useful it will be.

Attachment:- Assignment.rar