Exercise 2.2 gave the following data (in increasing order) for the attribute age: 13, 15, 16, 16, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22, 25, 25, 25, 25, 30, 33, 33, 35, 35, 35, 35, 36, 40, 45, 46, 52, 70.

(a) Use smoothing by bin means to smooth these data, using a bin depth of 3. Illustrate your steps. Comment on the effect of this technique for the given data.

(b) How might you determine outliers in the data?

(c) What other methods are there for data smoothing?

Exercise 2.2

In real-world data, tuples with missing values for some attributes are a common occurrence. Describe various methods for handling this problem.