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Pipelining is used to increase throughput by overlapping instructions. Each instruction is represented by different segments. Each segment takes one machine cycle.

Consider the un-pipelined processor with the following parameters:

1 cycle is 1 nsec.

One instruction takes 3 cycles if it's an ALU operation, 4 cycles if it's a branch operation, and 5 cycles if it's a memory operation.

Assume the relative frequencies of these operations are 30%, 30%, 40%, respectively.

Find the average instruction execution time for this unpipelined processor.

Assuming a pipelined processor with a cycle of 1.3 nsec, which processor is faster and by how much? What is the speed up ratio?