1. The quality of a language that allows a programmer to express a computation clearly, correctly, concisely, and quickly is called _____.
efficiency
orthogonality
regularity
writability
2. Which of the following is a functional language?
Lisp
Python
ALGOL
FORTRAN
3. Which of the following is an object-oriented language?
Algol
C++
FORTRAN
C
4. A language achieves ____ by avoiding special cases in the use of constructs.
orthogonality
generality
efficiency
uniformity
5. A language that allows the user to add features to it is said to have the property of ____.
uniformity
extensibility
regularity
reliability
6. A ____ specifies the syntax of a piece of code that expands to other standard code.
compiler
function
macro
procedure
7. C++ ____.
is an object-oriented language
is a functional type language
is a logic type language
is not widely used
8. Which of the following statements about functional programming languages is incorrect?
In pure functional programming, there are no assignments
In pure functional programming there are no loops
In pure functional programming loops are replaced by recursive calls
The value of a function depends on the order of evaluation of its parameters
9. To express symbols as a data type in Scheme, use the keyword ____.
symbol
quote
form
exclamation
10. Which of the following represents a list of data in Scheme?
(3.1, 3.2, 3.3)
(quote (3.1 3.2 3.3))
(3.1; 3.2; 3.3)
(quote (3.1, 3.2, 3.3))
11. Which of the following correctly assigns values to two variables and then multiplies them in the Scheme programming language?
(let ((x 5) (y 3)) (* x y))
(let (x 5) (y 3)) (* x y)
let (x 5) (y 3) (* x y)
(let (x 5 y 3) (* x y))
12. The ____ is used in Scheme to create a function.
let special form
lambda special form
letrec special form
procedure special form
13. Which of the following Scheme statements will insert the number 6 at the head of a list named L?
(add 6 L)
(hd 6 L)
(insert 6 L)
(cons 6 L)
14. Given a list L in Scheme with contents of (3 7 2 8). What will be returned if the command (cdr L) is executed?
(8)
(2 8)
(3)
(7 2 8)
15. Given a list L in Scheme with contents of ((x y) s (t)). What will be returned if the command (cdr (car L)) is executed?
(x)
(x y)
(y)
(t)
16. ____ are statements that are assumed to be true and from which other true statements can be proved.
Axioms
Logical statements
Predicates
Universal statements
17. In the Horn clause a1 and a2 and a3 ? b, the variable b is called the ____.
head
tail
body
fact
18. In the Horn clause a1 and a2 and a3 ? b, the portion a1 and a2 and a3 is called the ____.
head
tail
body
query
19. ____ is the process of pattern matching to make statements identical.
Unification
Instantiation
Resolution
Equalization
20. Variables set equal to patterns are said to be ____.
unified
initialized
instantiated
resolved
21. Prolog uses ____.
lowercase for variable names, and uppercase for constants and functions
uppercase for variable names, and lowercase for constants and functions
lowercase for variable names and constants, and uppercase for functions
uppercase for variable names and constants, and lowercase for functions
22. A list is written in Prolog using ____ to enclose the items.
curly braces
single quotes
square brackets
double quotes
23. To force evaluation of an arithmetic term in Prolog, you must use the built-in predicate ____.
force
equals
evaluate
is
24. To force Prolog to perform loops, we must force backtracking even when a solution is found by using the built-in predicate ____.
is
parent
fail
repeat
25. The first programming language to incorporate the object paradigm in a thorough and consistent way was ____.
Simula67
Fortran-80
Smalltalk-80
Algol60
26. Member functions can be implemented outside the declaration of a class in C++ using the ____ operator.
scope altering
directive
redirection
scope resolution
27. The lexical structure of a programming language is the structure of its ____.
variables
comments
tokens
references