The city of Chicago has an affirmative action plan designed to deal with the effects of past discrimination in hiring and promotion by the police department. The plan allows for African Americans, Latinos, and women to be promoted even though they have lower scores than white males on the promotional exam. This was done in 14 out of 232 promotions in 1990 and 1991. A group of white male officers who were not pro- moted despite their higher test scores challenged the promotions. What should the court decide? Why? (Reynolds v. City of Chicago, 296 F.3d 524 (7th Cir. 2002))