1. You are to define the terms below in your own word.

Diversity

Affirmative Action

Surface-Level Diversity

Deep Level Diversity

Social Intergration

Age Discrimination

Sex Discrimination

Glass Ceiling

Racial or Ethnic Discrimination

Disability

What Would You Do? Case Assignment

Circuit Court
Macomb County, Michigan

Hooters restaurants are known for spicy chicken wings, the Owl mascot (i.e., "Hooters") and Hooters' girls, dressed in, as the company describes it, "white Hooters tank top, orange shorts, suntan hose, white socks, solid white shoes, brown Hooters pouch, name-tag and of course ... a smile!" Hooters only hires female servers and readily admits that "the element of female sex appeal" is part of its business, but no more so, it argues, than the "socially acceptable" Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders, Sport Illustrated swimsuit models, or Radio City Rockettes. Hooters states, "The ‘nearly world famous' Hooters Girls are the cornerstone of the Hooters concept, and as part of their job, these all-American cheerleaders make promotional and charitable appearances in their respective communities. Hooters hires women who best fit the image of a Hooters Girl to work in this capacity." Hooters provides detailed guidelines on its website about hair, eyes, skin, makeup, and exercise. Consistent with maintaining the image of a Hooters Girl, all of its female wait staff must attend image classes and pass an image quiz.

Hooters is being sued for discrimination by two waitresses from Roseville, Michigan: Cassandra Smith and LeeanneConvery. Smith received positive performance evaluations and was promoted to shift supervisor. But at her last evaluation, the 5'8" Smith says she was advised to lose weight and join a gym, despite dropping from 145 pounds, when hired, to her current 132.5 pounds. She says she was given 30 days to lose more weight, and when she didn't, was fired. Says Smith, "I had these two women from [Hooters headquarters in] Atlanta telling me I had 30 days to make an improvement, and I didn't know what I'm supposed to improve. I was proud of myself, working out the last months, losing 10 pounds to get ready for my summer body. For that (phone call) to happen, it was almost a slap in the face." Convery, who is 4'11" and weighs 115 pounds says she was also placed on weight probation and then fired, despite losing 15 lbs.

In a written statement, Hooters said, "No employee in Michigan has been asked to lose weight and ... the company does not enforce any weight requirement." Company spokesperson Mike McNeil said, "We never mentioned weight. We never mentioned pounds. We never mentioned scales." But, he said, "We have an image to uphold. We've been upholding it for 27 years. Hopefully, we'll be doing it for another 27 years." Moreover, he said, "You're hired based on the image you have when you walk through the door."

As the judge in the case, you've got a number of key determinations to make. First, the women are basically arguing that being fired for being too heavy is akin to being fired because of their age, religion, sex, color, or national origin. In short, they say they're being discriminated against because of their weight. So, if Hooters fired them because they were too heavy, is that illegal under state and federal law? Second, Hooters will claim that the image of the Hooter Girl is central to their business and consequently allows them to discipline and fire waitresses for not maintaining that image. This is known as a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ). When a BFOQ is "reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business," personnel decisions can be made on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Is the Hooter Girl image, and more specifically, the weight of a Hooter Girl, a BFOQ and thus a legally justifiable reason for Hooters' hiring, firing, and promotion decisions? Finally, Convery claims that since giving birth to her son, she has had problems maintaining her weight. In other words, having children changes a woman's physique, making it more difficult to return to one's pre-baby weight. If that's so, could she possibly have a legal case on the basis of the Americans with Disability Act?

If you were the judge in this case, what would you do?