1. You are to define the 10 terms below in your own word.

External Environments

All events outside a company that may affect or influence it

Environmental Change

The rate at which a company's general and specific environments change

Stable Environment

Environment where rate of change is slow

Dynamic Environment

Environment where rate of change is fast

Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

Theory that companies have long periods of stability, then short periods of dynamic change followed by a new equilibrium

Environmental Complexity

Number and intensity of external factors affecting organizations

Simple Environment

Few environment factors

Complex Environment

Many environmental factors

Resource Scarcity

The abundance or shortage of critical organizational resources

Uncertainty

Extent to when managers can understand or predict environmental changes and trends

Writing verbatim and/or plagiarism will result in a zero (0) grade.

Below are six (6) effective steps along with examples to assist you with understanding how to paraphrase.

Steps to Effective Paraphrasing

- Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
- Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card.
- Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase.
- Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
- Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
- Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

2. What Would You Do? Case Assignment

Waste Management

Houston, Texas

Americans generate a quarter billion tons of trash a year, or 4.5 pounds of trash per person per day. Thanks to nearly 9,000 curbside recycling programs, a third of that is recycled. But, that still leaves 3 pounds of trash per person per day to be disposed. In the past, trash was incinerated, often in local neighborhoods. John Waffenschmidt, vice president for Covanta Energy Corp., remembers that when he delivered newspapers in the 1960s, "I'd go out in the morning and there would be little flakes coming down because there were 4,000 or 5,000 apartment-building incinerators." The rest was incinerated in large power plants, like the one on the east side of the Hudson River that burns 1,900 tons of New York City garbage each day.

With 20 million customers; 273 municipal landfills; 91 recycling facilities; and yes, 17 waste-to-energy facilities-that's what large power-generating incinerator plants are called today-Waste Management, Inc., is the largest waste-handling company in the world. It generates 75 percent of its profits from 273 landfills, which can hold 4.8 billion tons of trash. And because it only collects 110 million tons a year, it has plenty of landfill capacity for years to come.

You joined the company a decade ago, and, after 3.5 short years as deputy general counsel and then chief financial officer, became CEO. That quick promotion prompted you to joke, "I needed to go to a bookstore to see whether I could find a book called CEO-ing for Dummies." Instead, Waste Management sent you to Harvard for an executive program for CEOs, where the most important lesson you learned was to listen, because, as you tell your executive team, "This company and this industry aren't very good at that."

And with all of the changes taking place in your industry, Waste Management won't succeed unless it listens. However, corporations, cities, and households are greatly reducing the amount of waste they generate, and thus the amount of trash that they pay Waste Management to haul away to its landfills. Subaru of America, for instance, has a zero-landfill plant in West Lafayette, Indiana, that hasn't sent any waste to a landfill since 2004. None! And Subaru isn't exceptional in seeking to be a zero-landfill company. Walmart, the largest retailer in the world, has also embraced this goal, stating, "Our vision is to reach a day where there are no dumpsters behind our stores and clubs, and no landfills containing our throwaways." Like those at Subaru and Walmart, corporate leaders worldwide are committed to reducing the waste produced by their companies. Because that represents a direct threat to Waste Management's landfill business, what steps could it take to take advantage of the trend toward zero waste that might allow it to continue growing company revenues?

Another significant change for Waste Management is that not only are its customers reducing the waste they send to its landfills, they're also wanting what is sent to landfills to be sorted for recycling and reuse. For instance, food waste, yard clippings, and wood-all organic materials-account for roughly one-third of the material sent to landfills. Likewise, there's growing demand for waste companies to manage and recycle discarded TVs, computer monitors, and other electronic waste that leaks lead, mercury, and hazardous materials when improperly disposed. However, the high cost of collecting and sorting recyclable materials means that Waste Management loses money when it recycles them. What can the company do to meet increased customer expectations, on one hand, while still finding a way to earn a profit on high-cost recycled materials?

Finally, advocacy groups, such as the Sierra Club, regularly protest Waste Management's landfill practices, deeming them irresponsible and harmful to the environment. Should Waste Management take on its critics and fight back, or should it focus on its business and let the results speak for themselves? Should it view environmental advocates as a threat or an opportunity for the company?

If you were in charge of Waste Management, what would you do?