Please answer the following questions.

1. Determine which layer(s) of the seven layers of the OSI model has (have) the following functions. List all the layers, if more than one layer have the function, e.g. PL (Physical Layer), DL (Data Link Layer), NL (Network Layer), TL (Transport Layer), & AL (Application Layer - OSI layers 5 - 7). (Hint: slides on "OSI Basic" slides.)

(a) modulation

(b) flow controls

(c) error detection & error controls

(d) multiplexing

(e) collision detection

(f) addressing

(g) end-to-end network packet delivery

(h) connection-oriented or connectionless

(i) segmentation or streaming

(j) end-to-end user data delivery

2. Which OSI layers provide addressing fields in the headers? What are the four different addressing types utilized within those headers ?

3. Explain the following modulation terminologies :

a. Frequency Modulation

b. Amplitude Modulation

c. Phase Modulation

d. Pulse Modulation

4. Describe how the following Network Layer and Transport Layer protocols work:

a. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

b. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

c. Internet Stream Protocol (ST)

d. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP).

e. Domain Name System (DNS)

f. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol; more than just assigning IP addresses (DHCP)

g. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).

5. Describe how HTTP and XML interact in Web applications .

6. Describe Big Data by providing :

a. Definition of Big Data

b. The comparison with tradition data structure.

c. The characteristics of Big Data (4Vs) with example(s) for each characteristic .

7. Describe and evaluate cloud computing characteristics as point of IT infrastructure in relation to each of these following four criteria with example(s) for each area.

a. Dependable

b. Manageable

c. Adaptable

d. Affordable