You are to write an article not exceeding 3500 words entitled “Powertrain – a major source of noise and vibration in vehicles”.   You will want to cover the basic sources of dynamic forces in engines and their ancillaries: mechanical, combustion, and gas flow effects.  You will particularly want to discuss engine balance related to crankshafts and piston forces.  Some information on the natural frequencies and mode shapes associated with engine components which can cause resonances, amplifying the forces or sound transmitted to the car, is also expected.  The role of the engine mounting system in attenuating the forces transmitted to a car body should be described.  You may also wish to discuss design analysis methods used to quantify the dynamic effects in an engine, for example multi-body analysis. 

It is essential that your article is illustrated by appropriate diagrams and schematics to make it more insightful.  You will need to reference all your sources of information in the article using the CU Harvard referencing format.  Any information copied verbatim must be inside quotation marks. 

Words Limit: 3500-4000

References: Required

Follow given criteria

• 80% -100%    A complete and thorough submission, apparently by an expert in Powertrain NVH.
• 70%   An extensive submission addressing all aspects of the brief adequately, showing a high level of insight and inventiveness with no significant weaknesses in understanding.
• 60%  A substantial submission covering most of the requirements in the brief with reasonable competence, lacking in flair but with some original ideas. Some minor omissions and misunderstandings but no major weaknesses.
• 50% A workmanlike submission covering the main aspects of the brief, lacking in inventiveness, borrowing very heavily from sources but adapting them, sometimes correctly but sometimes inappropriately, showing lack of understanding in some aspects but generally competent on important aspects.   
• 40%  An adequate submission addressing only some aspects of the brief and/or lacking completeness in descriptions and discussion on the requested aspects, lacking in originality, demonstrating considerable lack of understanding in some areas but showing an acceptable level of work with some sound ideas presented and conclusions drawn.
• 0 - 30%  An insubstantial submission showing a significant lack of understanding of both the requirements and appropriate responses.  Failure to address many key aspects of the brief.