QUESTION 1:

Culture and tourism are no longer regard as being separate entities, undertaken by discrete social groups at specific times but rather, the barriers flanked by culture and tourism are fast disappearing. Though globalization, culture shock is one of the most recognized difficulties encountered by tourists to foreign cultures.

(a) What do you comprehend by ‘cultural homogenization' especially in the context of globalization?

(b) Critically converse the main physical and psychological symptoms of culture shock.

(c) Talk about and evaluate the different stages of culture shock that a tourist has to go through when experiencing a new culture.

QUESTION 2:

In view of the fact that the time Kenya became a leading tourist destination in Africa in the1970s, it has come under increasing strain from Westernization (Evaristus, 2004). The ways in which confined communities such as the Massai Tribes have been affected by and reacted to the influences of Westernization gives a suggestion that the Massai tribes indeed suffered changes over time.

(a) A number of tourism impact studies indicate that residents are not homogenous in their attitudes regarding tourism development (Milman, 2004). With an appreciation of this statement, delineate 5 negative socio-cultural impacts that may have influenced the Massai tribes to start resenting tourism.

(b) Successful tourism management requires acquaintance of exactly who the cultural tourists are and an understanding of their motivations. As a tourism planner, explain how you would defend the culture of the Massai tribes whilst encouraging cultural tourism in Africa.

QUESTION 3

Demonstrate the term ‘culturally responsible behaviour' and explicitly discuss the attributes and ways to promote the main attributes of such actions in the tourism context.

QUESTION 4

The Mauritius Tourism Promotion Authority (MTPA) recently planned the ‘Carnival of Flic-en-Flac'. As a matter of fact, festivals, conferences and events, collectively known as FMEs, are emerging at many destinations. On the other hand, host communities usually bear the burden of FMEs as they are required to accept the latter's activities, open their doors to welcome the intrusion and gaze of the visitor, and to pay for the expenses of the additional infrastructure and pressure on essential resources needed to host them.

(a) With reference to the above event; converse four negative socio-cultural impacts of FMEs; substantiate your answers with instances as far as possible.

(b) Confer two ways in which a community approach to sustainable FME management is beneficial to the host community and erstwhile (other) stakeholders.