QUESTION 1:

In view of the fact that the time Kenya became a leading tourist destination in Africa in the1970s, it has come under increasing strain from Westernization (Evaristus, 2004). The ways in which local communities such as the Maasai Tribes have been exaggerated by and responded to the influences of Westernization gives an indication that the Masaai tribes indeed suffered modifications over time. The alteration in the Massai attitudes may be interpreted through the Doxey's Irritation Index Model (1975) that justifies residents' behaviours at different growth stages of the traveller destination.

(a) Using the above exposé as an instance, outline and elucidate the different stages of the Doxey's model.

(b) Several tourism impact studies indicate that residents are not homogenous in their approaches regarding tourism development (Milman, 2004). With an appreciation of this statement, outline any 5 socio-cultural impacts that may have influenced the Masaai tribes to sometimes admit tourism and to, still some other times, begrudge tourism.

(c) Unbeaten tourism management requires knowledge of exactly who the cultural tourists are and an understanding of their motivations. As a tourism planner, propose any five methods how you would protect the culture of the Masaii tribes whilst encouraging cultural tourism in Africa.

QUESTION 2:

Cultural and heritage Tourism is a niche notion that is growing in popularity within the travel industry. As tourism planner or consultant, converse:

(a) Four main advantages of such kind of tourism to the host community.

(b) Practical habits for developing and promoting cultural tourism at a destination.

QUESTION 3:

Culture and tourism were previously considered as being separate entities, undertaken by dissimilar social groups at specific times but nowadays, the barriers between culture and tourism are fast disappearing.

(a) What do you understand by ‘cultural homogenization' particularly in the context of globalization?

(b) Explain the term ‘culturally responsible behaviour' and openly converse the attributes and ways to promote such behaviour in the tourism context.

QUESTION 4

Culture shock is one of the most documented difficulties encountered by travellers to foreign cultures (Adler, 1975; Oberg, 1960)

(a) Critically elucidate what is meant by culture shock and discuss the symptoms of culture shock.

(b) Converse and determine the different stages of culture shock that a traveller has to go through when experiencing a new culture.