You must answer four out of five of the short essay questions below. You must complete and submit your examination by the end of Module 4.

(1) Using at least 250 words, explain each of the guiding principles of restorative justice.

(2) Sykes pointed to what three factors of special importance that sought to explain the rise of criminological conflict theory. Using at least 250 words, explain these factors.

(3) Akers postulated four central concepts.  Using at least 250 words, describe and explain those concepts.

(4) Cloward and Ohlin popularized the concept of 'illegitimate means'.  Using at least 250 words, explain this concept in full.

(5) Explain each of the six characteristics or elements of "self-control."  Use at least 250 words for your response.